[Aug 29, 2022] 100% Real & Accurate L4M5 Questions with Free and Fast Updates
Self-Study Guide for Becoming an Commercial Negotiation Expert
CIPS L4M5 Exam Syllabus Topics:
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NEW QUESTION 47
There are no commitments in hypothetical questions. Is this statement true?
- A. No, because the party who makes hypothetical questions cannot withdraw their proposals
- B. Yes, because hypothetical questions only mention possible situations
- C. No, because hypothetical questions are made explicitly to the other party
- D. Yes, because hypothetical questions generate a specific response
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
There are four types of questions that can be used in a commercial negotiation:
Hypothetical questions, where you ask about a possible situation or abstract concept, are very useful at the testing and proposal phases. Hypothetical question does not state any commitment as it is only about 'if something happens, then ...'. This type of question can be useful at giving suggestion.
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LO 3, AC 3.3
NEW QUESTION 48
Jane is planning for a forthcoming negotiation with a key supplier. She has learned what are important to the supplier and what are important to her company from previous contracts between them. In order to avoid negotiation deadlocks, she has set up several concession plans. But Jane has little experience in dealing with suppliers and doesn't know when to trade these concessions. When is the best time in a negotiation to trade concessions?
- A. In the proposing phase
- B. In the testing phase
- C. At opening stage
- D. At bargaining stage
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The question asks about the point in time when Jane should make concessions with the supplier. These concessions should be traded afterpreliminary stages such as opening, testing and proposing are over and proposals move from being tentative and general to being more definite and specific. This stage is called bargaining phase. The bargaining phase is the 'meat' of the negotiation meeting.
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION 49
Premium pricing strategies used by suppliers are characterised by which of the following? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Price is based on cost structures
- B. Premium price is determined by variable costs only
- C. This strategy is often used when supplier attempts to enter new market
- D. Typically found in the early part of the product life cycle
- E. Products are charged at a price based on supplier's reputation
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
There are several pricing strategies used by suppliers:
Cost-plus pricing - Total variable + Fixed cost + profit
Premium pricing - based on branding. Supplier determines to charge a very high price, notconnected with cost structures, usually based on its reputation and/or the perception that the product/service is of a superior quality. This strategy typically found in the early part of the product life cycle/when demand exceeds supply.
Penetration pricing - Supplier attempts to enter a new market or extend its share in an established one. It is characterised by price reductions to increase volume, followed by steady price increases; may even be loss leading at start (no profit made) Marginal cost pricing - covers only variable cost Market pricing - suppliers prices in line with what the market is willing to pay
NEW QUESTION 50
Which of the following are most likely to be characteristics of a perfectly competitive market? Select TWO that apply
- A. In a perfectly competitive market, each seller has a large impact on the market price A perfectly competitive market consists of products that are all slightly different from one another
- B. In a competitive market, both buyers and sellers areprice givers
- C. There are many buyers and sellers in the market
- D. Firms can freely enter or exit the market
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
A perfectly competitive market is one with the following features:
- There are many firms producing identical or very similar (homogeneous) goods or services
- There are no barriers toentry to the market or exit from the market - anyone can enter or leave easily
- Both producers and customers have perfect knowledge of the market place, prices, costs of production and influences on demand and supply Under these conditions, the price andquantity will always tend toward equilibrium as any producer that sets a price above equilibrium will not sell anything at all, and any producer that sets a price below a equilibrium will obtain 100% market share in theory. The demand curve is perfectly elastic, which means that it will be horizontal. In a perfectly competitive market, it is difficult to increase profits through pricing, and suppliers instead must focus on their cost structure. As these conditions imply, there are few if any examples of perfectly competitive market.
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION 51
Which of the following are macroeconomic factors that may have influence to the commercial negotiation?
Select TWO that apply
- A. Unemployment rate
- B. Equilibrium price
- C. Rising import tariffs
- D. Supply curve
- E. Bargaining power of supplier
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
There are many macro economic factors that could influence procurement in general andcommercial negotiation in particular. Below are six factors that are agreed to be fairly significant:
* Economy growth rate
* Inflation rates
* Interest rates
* Currency exchange rate
* Unemployment rate
* Protectionism
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION 52
What is the most likely outcome when two organisations with adversarial relationship negotiate with each other?
- A. Win lose
- B. Deadlocked
- C. Win win
- D. Lose lose
Answer: A
Explanation:
An adversarial relationship in purchasing and supply arises when identical or equivalent good or services are available from competing suppliers and buyers/sellers are trying to gain an advantage over each other. Low levels of trust are characteristic of adversarial relationships. The outcome when two organisations with adversarial negotiate is most likely to be win-lose.
NEW QUESTION 53
XYZ Ltd is importing goods from overseas. They prefer to pay theirsupplier in their own currency. Which of the following is a true statement?
- A. Supplier will receive less if XYZ's currency appreciates
- B. XYZ is able to pay less if their currency depreciates
- C. XYZ has an advantage in negotiating discounts if their currency appreciates
- D. XYZ has to pay more if their currency depreciates
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The effect of a change of relative exchange rates will be determined by which currency you pay your supplier in.
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LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION 54
Which of the following is the most appropriate approach to investors or shareholders who have high level of influence but low interest in the running of business?
- A. Engage and consult with them regularly
- B. Keep these people inform through general communication media
- C. Manage them closely
- D. Engage and keep them satisfied
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Investors or shareholders who have high level of influence but low interest belong to 'Keep satisfied' quadrant of Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix.
You may read 2 versions from L4M1 and L4M5 here:
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LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION 55
Which of the following are most likely to be fundamentals of Fisher & Ury's principled negotiation?
1. Depersonalise the argument
2. Focuson positions
3. Generate creative options
4. Using subjective criteria
- A. 1 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 3 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 2 and 3 only
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Principled negotiation is based on four fundamentals: people, interest, options andcriteria:
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1st Principle: separate the people from the problem: Negotiator should depersonalise the situation and accepting that the subject matter of the negotiation. This can be difficult for untrained negotiators, but this is a key skill to develop
2ndprinciple: focus on interests, not positions: It is important in principled negotiations not to focus on their parties' positions (what are expressed during negotiations), but on the interests (underlying needs) behind them
3rd principle: invent options for mutual gains: this principle aims to help the parties find a solution that both would benefit from. The more options - or tradeables - that can be brought to the table the better.
4th principle: insist on using objective criteria: is about making sure that the negotiation stays focused on outcomes based on objective criteria and that it is productive.
LO 1, AC 1.2
NEW QUESTION 56
An experienced procurement professional is developing strategies for forthcoming negotiations with her key supplier. To avoid negotiation deadlocks, she identifies the reasons whynegotiations could fail. Which of the following are most likely to be reasons for negotiation failures? Select TWO that apply.
- A. MIL objectives are well established
- B. Underlying interests of TOP are overlooked
- C. Unachievable objectives were set up
- D. Buyer helps to create a co-operative atmosphere
- E. Both parties focus on common interests
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
It has been said that most negotiations are won (or lost) at the preparation stage. Success in a negotiation cannot be claimed unless you can refer back to your objectives and show how you have achieve them. In broad terms, negotiation plans/strategies involve 4 key activities:
1. Developing and prioritising your objectives and limits
2. Seeking to understand TOP's objectives
3. Developing concession plans
4. Planning the resources and logistics required and agreeing team roles.
Questions to gain an understanding of why a negotiation failed
Did we collect and make effective use of all information available when preparing for the negotiation?
Did we set objectives for the negotiation that were stretching and achievable and established MIL objectives?
Did we determine a strategy for the negotiation?
Did the other party understand our needs correctly?
Were we aware of the underlying interests of the other party?
Were our proposals convincing enough for acceptance by the other party?
Did we explore different variables in the negotiation?
Did we fully understand all proposals?
Did we give any unplanned concessions and did we check the importance of these?
Did we focus on common interests?
Did we ask a range of questions?
Did we get answers to all our questions?
Could we answer all the questions addressed to us in a proper and positive way?
Did we summarise effectively?
Did we use different methods of persuasion in the negotiations?
Which tactics did we use and what effect did they have?
Did our negotiating team work well as a team?
Did we help to create a co-operative atmosphere
NEW QUESTION 57
Which of the following is the internal factor that is taken intoprice of a product?
- A. Risk management
- B. Customer tastes
- C. Exchange rate
- D. Elasticity
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
In order to answer this question, you should better consider each option:
'Exchange rate' is the value of one nation's currency versus thecurrency of another nation or economic zone.
This is a macroeconomic factor.
'Elasticity' refers to the degree to which individuals, consumers or producers change their demand or the amount supplied in response to price or income changes. This is a microeconomic factor Consumer tastes refer to the products and services that consumers consciously choose over others. Consumer tastes are so powerful that they can change how businesses conduct their activity. Like elasticity, this is also a microeconomic factor.
Among 4 options, only risk management is the internal factor. Risk pricing is a strategy applied by many companies in the world. To learn how to price the risk, you can read an article from McKinsey:
https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/how-to-price-risk-to-win-and-pr This is a question that a student met in her actual exam. The knowledge section is unknown.
LO: Unknown, AC: Unknown
NEW QUESTION 58
Katie is preparing a negotiation with a strategic supplier. Through deep market analysis, she realises that her company and the supplier have equal bargaining power. Via regular communication, Katie knows that both parties are arguing on amount of liquidated damages and neither party shall concede all of their requirements but some are negotiable. Katie and her counterpart from supplying company still desire a long-term relationship and hope that the meeting between them will be a solution for current situation. Which of the following isthe most appropriate approach that Katie should adopt to achieve the above outcome?
- A. Accommodating approach
- B. Avoiding approach
- C. Compromising approach
- D. Competing approach
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Competing is assertive anduncooperative, a power-oriented mode. When competing, an individual pursues his or her own concerns at the other person's expense, using whatever power seems appropriate to win his or her position. Competing might mean standing up for your rights, defending a position you believe is correct, or simply trying to win. Competing will not allow long-term relationship to flourish.
Compromising is intermediate in both assertiveness and cooperativeness. When compromising, the objective is to find an expedient, mutually acceptable solution that partially satisfies both parties. Compromising falls on a middle ground between competing and accommodating, giving up more than competing but less than accommodating. Likewise, it addresses an issue more directly than avoiding but doesn't explore it in as much depth as collaborating. Compromising might mean splitting the difference, exchanging concessions, or seeking a quick middle-ground position. It is a valid approach when long-term relationships are at stake and it is important to find some common ground on which to base an agreement. Both sides get something but not everything. Therefore, this is the most appropriate for this scenario.
Avoiding is unassertive and uncooperative. When avoiding, an individual does not immediately pursue his or her own concerns or those of the other person. He or she does not address the conflict. Avoiding might take the form of diplomatically sidestepping an issue, postponing an issue until a better time, or simply withdrawing from a threatening situation. In the scenario, both parties want to take the opportunity, then avoiding is not an appropriate solution.
Accommodating is unassertive and cooperative-the opposite of competing. When accommodating, an individual neglects his or her own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person; there is an element of self-sacrifice in this mode. Accommodating might take the form of selfless generosity or charity, obeying another person's order when you would prefer not to, or yielding to another'spoint of view. In the scenario, neither party shall concede all of their requirements, it is unnecessary to adopt this approach.
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION 59
Jasmine and the IHL sales team have a negotiation scheduled with one of AB's lead buyers, Samuel, at AB's premises. This is one of the biggest negotiations that Jasmine has been involved in and is eager not to make any mistakes. Jasmine has heard from a colleague that Samuel tends to adopt an integrative negotiation style.
IHL senior management decides to send a team of three members to the negotiation. Jasmine is among the team and she is assigned to check body language, reactions, feeds insight to her leader and to record important comments and information from the meeting for minutes. Which of the following are roles of Jasmine in the forthcoming negotiation? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Observer
- B. Secretary
(Correct) - C. Chief negotiator
- D. Commercial expert
- E. Technical expert
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
A negotiating team can be as few as two people, and one person can play one or more of these roles:
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As from the scenario, Jasmine will act as an observer and a scribe (or secretary).
NEW QUESTION 60
In which of the following persuasion methods, the influencer uses logics and objective reasons to persuade the others to buy intoinfluencer's ideas?
- A. Visionary (pull)
- B. Collaborative (pull)
- C. Persuasive reasoning (push)
- D. Directive (push)
Answer: C
Explanation:
There are two major persuasion methods: 'push' and 'pull'.
Persuasion can be defined as encouraging someone to do something that you want them to do for you.
Persuasion is reasoning with someone so that they will believe or do something they might not otherwise do.
Persuasion can be considered as 'pushing' on TOP so that they can accept the change in attitude or behaviour as a result of your actions.
Influence is the ability to affect the manner of thinking of another. Influence can be considered as pulling on TOP so that you achieve the same result, but TOP feels they have changed their attitude or behaviour as a resultof their reflection and thinking, and not your direct actions.
There are multiple variables to consider when choosing between 'push' and 'pull'. Professor Fiona Dent of Ashridge Business School proposes situations when each style might be most appropriate, breaking down push into 'directive' and 'reasoning' and 'pull' into 'collaborative' and 'visionary':
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Using logical and objective reasons is one of the typical characteristics of persuasion reasoning method.
NEW QUESTION 61
According to Fiona Dent and Mike Brent, which of the following are characteristics of Push approach? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Directive
- B. Collaborative
- C. Inspirational
- D. Persuasion
- E. Seeking commitment
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
According to the book 'Influencing: Skills and techniques for business success' by Fiona Dent and Mike Brent, there are two major influencing styles. Push tends to be directive. It tells, and is clear and resolute, but needs to be employed in situations where firmness is required because of difficulties that exist or weakness is evident.
Pull is more participatory and collaborative. It seeks to incorporate everyone's perspective. It can appear wishy-washy if not skilfully employed. That approach should be followed which is most likely to secure commitment and not mere compliance.
The two divisions can be further divided into four style categories: directive; persuasive reasoning; collaborative - team oriented, people oriented to inspire them with a vision. The directive style relies on your expertise and reputation being respected by others, and where there really does seem to be one answer. It is "I" driven whereas persuasive reasoning is more "we" and issue driven. Directive styles can make the user appear as "a bull in a china shop"; persuasive reasoning can be portrayed as tough guy.
Collaborative influencing takes the "we" element further and seeks to mobilise everyone's ideas in a journey of discovery. It may have the flavour of "I'm your best friend", which may not go down too well. Visioning style is concerned to stir people's emotions in support of achieving an objective. This last one has been used by demagogues to stir people's hearts and minds for evil purposes as well as good.
A useful table offers the benefits, problems, words and body language associated with each style along with advice on when to use and when to avoid each. Cases and exercises illustrate these styles.
Empathy comes in for extended treatment with the definition of "standing in the other's shoes". This does not necessarily happen just intuitively, and therefore before a specific influencing effort there should bean intense effort to think about the other person or persons and to sense what it might feel like to be them - their hopes, fears, concerns, what turns them on, what turns them off, where are they coming from.
NEW QUESTION 62
Which of the following is mostlikely to be a reason why a supplier charges its customer higher price after it has reached the break-even point?
- A. Supplier may want to encourage buyer's demand
- B. The supplier may have reached economy of scale
- C. Supplier may have high fixed cost - variable cost ratio
- D. Supplier may need to open new facilities to meet increasing customer's demand
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
'Supplier may want to encourage buyer's demand': the buyer tends to prefer lower price, if supplier wants to encourage its customers tobuy more, it needs to offer discount at bulk amount. So this option is not acceptable.
'Supplier may have high fixed cost - variable cost ratio': Supplier with high fixed cost needs high volumes to break even, but once achieved, it may be able to offer significant discounts for bulk orders
'The supplier may have reached economy of scale': when economy of scale is reached, cost per unit will be minimal which often leads to more favourable price.
'Supplier may need to open new facilities to meet increasing customer's demand': Increasing customer's demands may excess supplier's current capacity. Therefore, supplier may need to extend its capacity by investing more in facilities. To cover these fixed cost investment, supplier may charge higher price.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION 63
Which of the following are typical characteristics of activity-based costing (ABC) method? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Limited understanding of true costs incurred
- B. Variable and all related overhead expenses are specifically assigned to a business activity
- C. Costs are allocated based on volume
- D. ABC provides the information required to take action and realise improvements
- E. ABC has tended to over cost products on long runs and under cost those on short runs
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Activity-based costing is an alternative approach to traditional absorption costing. The characteristics of these two methods are illustrated in the graph below:
Graphical user interface, text, chat or text message, website Description automatically generated
NEW QUESTION 64
XYZ Ltd needs to purchase a bundle of IT products from suppliers. The procurement manager requests details of costs regarding designing and managing those products. After receiving reports from suppliers, she realises that they have charged up to a 1,095% mark-up on IT products. In order to ensure value for money, which of the following should be a priority pricing arrangement of the procurement manager in the negotiation with these IT suppliers?
- A. Market skimming
- B. Cost plus arrangement
- C. Premium pricing
- D. Market penetration pricing
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the scenario, the main cost driver is suppliers' mark-up. The priority should be limit the margin to be added.
XYZ Ltd can agree "cost plus"contracts with their suppliers to ensure no IT product purchased exceeds an agreed maximum margin level. Procurement teams can use their benchmarking tools to police these contracts.
Cost plus contracts are agreements where the contractor's pricing is based on itemising allowable costs and then adding an agreed margin.
Market penetration pricing - pricing low to win a large share of the market Market skimming - pricing a new product high in order to make a large profit from the purchases by initial customers. This is an effective strategy only in the absence of competition.When competition appears, market skimmers usually drop their prices Premium pricing - usually pricing high because the market is prepared to pay extra for the kudos associated with the product, thanks to, say, a reputation for quality, or a highly fashionable brand name, and so on
NEW QUESTION 65
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